PART 3: 6-11 (49 EVENTS/CHOICES)
Once again, you will receive reports that will help you to understand your child’s progress. You will receive a report from a clinical psychologist at the end of eight years, a 5th grade report card at the end of 10 years. Use the questions at the end of each section to review the theories associated with this stage of your child’s development.
At the end of this phase of your child’s development, you will need to record the key milestones that have affected your child’s development and analyze his or her progress. You will be marked on the following:
At the end of this phase of your child’s development, you will need to record the key milestones that have affected your child’s development and analyze his or her progress. You will be marked on the following:
- Creative presentation of child milestones
- Selection of key milestones
- Analysis of development based on the five dimensions of temperament and development across physical,
cognitive and social dimensions.
- Completion of the six questions in the Virtual Child Program.
Bullet points signify developmental factors found within MyVirtualLife.
Cognitive Development
http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/physical-cognitive-development-middle-childhood-3774.html
· Working on fourth grade math in third grade, and doing quite well
· Learns math concepts quickly
· Quick at computations
· Favourite subject is science
· Can’t get enough science
· Enjoys going to after school science camps on campus as an alternative for after school day care
· I encourage her interest in science by enrolling her in science discover camps.
· Working at the highest level at her school, 6th grade math.
· Gets homework done easily.
· Get everything right on tests.
· Interested in science.
· Thinks math is sort of humdrum
· Encourage Teagan’s interests by helping her save for a chemistry set and microscope slide maker and also provide her an area to create her laboratory.
In many aspects of school and regular life it seems that Teagan is has advanced more then other kids her age. She stills continues to improve her cognitive development through actively using thought to determine what she is most interested in and continues to think critically about the subject.
Active and appropriate, use of logic known as the Rise of concrete operational thinking
· Enjoys her role as the big sister. She actively plays with Teija. I encourage the games and help them out.
· TV shows for Teagan consist of Saturday morning cartoons, G-rated videos, and old sitcoms. I allow Teagan to watch some prime-time shows in the evening such as game shows, sitcoms, and some police and medical shows. I feel that some of the shows can be violent, and at times upset Teagan but I feel that she is at the age in which she knows what she feels comfortable watching and therefor let her watch some of these shows. At times in which she does not feel comfortable watching these shows she is able to leave the room, as she feels comfortable. I hold off on reality shows and rock videos as she doesn’t need to be exposed to these types of stupidity quite yet.
This is simply the use of logic known as the concrete operational stage defined by Piaget (Landry).
Piaget in perspective, right and wrong
· Teagan is not scared when going on ride at the carnival and rides her bike though the neighbourhood at high speeds. I make sure that she knows all the bike safety rules before she rides alone. Although we don’t live in the big city I prefer that she does ride in places in which she feels safe and allows for her to make her own decisions. I also mention that it’s the law to wear a helmet while riding a bike until the age of 18.
This is the aspect of life in which using a child's cognitive knowledge they are able to determine what is right and wrong in many common situation.
Information processing
· Enjoys going to swimming events and watching surfing shows and movies
· At school she is cooperative and follows classroom rules
· Teagan is quite good at finishing homework and chores. When she forgets or leaves something unfinished I don’t bother her with the chores as homework is more important at this time.
· Teaching the neighbours dog how to do tricks.
· For Teagan’s birthday she wants a multi-entertainment system that is a highly advanced piece of technology in my opinion.
This involves memory and understanding how things work, such as electronics. It could also be relating something that they personally do to something that the child watches on TV such as through any sort of media (Landry).
Language
· Does well in language are at school
· Does not write outside of school assignment, I try to encourage reading as a leisure activity.
· Teagan has the ability to sound out almost every word since second grade. She now only sometimes gets stuck on words while reading. She gerenally enjoys reading and looks forward to reading before me with me. I introduce more variety of reading material. I hope that this allows Teagan to expand her reading and knowledge. This includes OWL magazines which I received as a kid.
· She enjoys drawing and designing things of interest. She loves working with her hands and I encourage her with hands on projects by going with her to create something. Having a place full of supplies allows for creativity and ideas to build.
At this stage children begin to understand the meaning of words as well as create humour. This part of development is also related to the understanding or idioms and syntax development. At this age being about to conjugate words into past, present and future is also developed (Language Development in Middle Childhood).
Reading
· Teagan continues to be a strong reader and always has a fiction book. I know that she doesn’t need any more encouragement in this area but rather I encourage her to learn through non-fiction books.
· She has an excellent vocabulary and is skilled at telling stories. I encourage her to write stories and read them aloud to the family.
Verbal and non-verbal skills
· She’s shown talent and interest in drawing and constructing things. She always seems interested in drawing cartoons or objects around her. Her art teacher wants her to prepare a special work of art for the county art fair. I provide the materials needed and remind her from time to time about the art project. I praise her for the project as it takes shape.
· At the end of Teagan’s 5th grade report car is was noted
o Consistently works cooperatively with other in groups
o Respects rights and property of others
o Demonstrate appropriate peer social interaction.
o Demonstrates strengths in all areas of reading and spelling and has appropriate for grade level writing skills.
o At times gets upset with stressful situations and will withdraw from activity, become anxious or moody and usually improves before the day is done.
o Demonstrates strengths in speaking and listening and in content knowledge of social studies and science
o Demonstrates strengths in mathematical problem solving, datat, number concepts graphical application and arithmetic computation
o Demonstrates strengths in art.
o Appropriate for grade level in the area of music
o Consistently work independently, listens actively, and follows directions and classroom rules.
Intellectual giftedness
· Psychologist’s report states:
- Average to above range in word reading, reading flency, phonological awareness and spelling
- Can be quiet and reserved and did not offer information
- Seems nervous during assessments, especially when the challenges are more difficult
- Teagan score for verbal portion
o Information – 13
o Vocabulary – 14
o Similarities – 13
o Comprehension – 15
- Her math skills are in the gifted range and it’s mentioned that she should be tested for placement in gifted classes or at least a higher level
- Her assessment for the visual-spatial ability were all above average and its suggested that I seek out drawing, design and builder experiences for Teagan in accordance with her interest level.
As Teagan is highly gifted in certain subjects it it suggested that she be in some gifted programs to allow for her development to increase higher than some of those in her class. This allows for a higher level of education which will be more challenging to her and thus improve her cognitive development further.
· Learns math concepts quickly
· Quick at computations
· Favourite subject is science
· Can’t get enough science
· Enjoys going to after school science camps on campus as an alternative for after school day care
· I encourage her interest in science by enrolling her in science discover camps.
· Working at the highest level at her school, 6th grade math.
· Gets homework done easily.
· Get everything right on tests.
· Interested in science.
· Thinks math is sort of humdrum
· Encourage Teagan’s interests by helping her save for a chemistry set and microscope slide maker and also provide her an area to create her laboratory.
In many aspects of school and regular life it seems that Teagan is has advanced more then other kids her age. She stills continues to improve her cognitive development through actively using thought to determine what she is most interested in and continues to think critically about the subject.
Active and appropriate, use of logic known as the Rise of concrete operational thinking
· Enjoys her role as the big sister. She actively plays with Teija. I encourage the games and help them out.
· TV shows for Teagan consist of Saturday morning cartoons, G-rated videos, and old sitcoms. I allow Teagan to watch some prime-time shows in the evening such as game shows, sitcoms, and some police and medical shows. I feel that some of the shows can be violent, and at times upset Teagan but I feel that she is at the age in which she knows what she feels comfortable watching and therefor let her watch some of these shows. At times in which she does not feel comfortable watching these shows she is able to leave the room, as she feels comfortable. I hold off on reality shows and rock videos as she doesn’t need to be exposed to these types of stupidity quite yet.
This is simply the use of logic known as the concrete operational stage defined by Piaget (Landry).
Piaget in perspective, right and wrong
· Teagan is not scared when going on ride at the carnival and rides her bike though the neighbourhood at high speeds. I make sure that she knows all the bike safety rules before she rides alone. Although we don’t live in the big city I prefer that she does ride in places in which she feels safe and allows for her to make her own decisions. I also mention that it’s the law to wear a helmet while riding a bike until the age of 18.
This is the aspect of life in which using a child's cognitive knowledge they are able to determine what is right and wrong in many common situation.
Information processing
· Enjoys going to swimming events and watching surfing shows and movies
· At school she is cooperative and follows classroom rules
· Teagan is quite good at finishing homework and chores. When she forgets or leaves something unfinished I don’t bother her with the chores as homework is more important at this time.
· Teaching the neighbours dog how to do tricks.
· For Teagan’s birthday she wants a multi-entertainment system that is a highly advanced piece of technology in my opinion.
This involves memory and understanding how things work, such as electronics. It could also be relating something that they personally do to something that the child watches on TV such as through any sort of media (Landry).
Language
· Does well in language are at school
· Does not write outside of school assignment, I try to encourage reading as a leisure activity.
· Teagan has the ability to sound out almost every word since second grade. She now only sometimes gets stuck on words while reading. She gerenally enjoys reading and looks forward to reading before me with me. I introduce more variety of reading material. I hope that this allows Teagan to expand her reading and knowledge. This includes OWL magazines which I received as a kid.
· She enjoys drawing and designing things of interest. She loves working with her hands and I encourage her with hands on projects by going with her to create something. Having a place full of supplies allows for creativity and ideas to build.
At this stage children begin to understand the meaning of words as well as create humour. This part of development is also related to the understanding or idioms and syntax development. At this age being about to conjugate words into past, present and future is also developed (Language Development in Middle Childhood).
Reading
· Teagan continues to be a strong reader and always has a fiction book. I know that she doesn’t need any more encouragement in this area but rather I encourage her to learn through non-fiction books.
· She has an excellent vocabulary and is skilled at telling stories. I encourage her to write stories and read them aloud to the family.
Verbal and non-verbal skills
· She’s shown talent and interest in drawing and constructing things. She always seems interested in drawing cartoons or objects around her. Her art teacher wants her to prepare a special work of art for the county art fair. I provide the materials needed and remind her from time to time about the art project. I praise her for the project as it takes shape.
· At the end of Teagan’s 5th grade report car is was noted
o Consistently works cooperatively with other in groups
o Respects rights and property of others
o Demonstrate appropriate peer social interaction.
o Demonstrates strengths in all areas of reading and spelling and has appropriate for grade level writing skills.
o At times gets upset with stressful situations and will withdraw from activity, become anxious or moody and usually improves before the day is done.
o Demonstrates strengths in speaking and listening and in content knowledge of social studies and science
o Demonstrates strengths in mathematical problem solving, datat, number concepts graphical application and arithmetic computation
o Demonstrates strengths in art.
o Appropriate for grade level in the area of music
o Consistently work independently, listens actively, and follows directions and classroom rules.
Intellectual giftedness
· Psychologist’s report states:
- Average to above range in word reading, reading flency, phonological awareness and spelling
- Can be quiet and reserved and did not offer information
- Seems nervous during assessments, especially when the challenges are more difficult
- Teagan score for verbal portion
o Information – 13
o Vocabulary – 14
o Similarities – 13
o Comprehension – 15
- Her math skills are in the gifted range and it’s mentioned that she should be tested for placement in gifted classes or at least a higher level
- Her assessment for the visual-spatial ability were all above average and its suggested that I seek out drawing, design and builder experiences for Teagan in accordance with her interest level.
As Teagan is highly gifted in certain subjects it it suggested that she be in some gifted programs to allow for her development to increase higher than some of those in her class. This allows for a higher level of education which will be more challenging to her and thus improve her cognitive development further.
Social Development
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/index.html
· Teagan spends a lot of time on her smartphone after school and on weekends. I’m surprised as to how quickly she was able to pick up this type of technology as fast as she did.
Self esteem
· She has a bike accident and received some stitched
· Didn’t want to get back on the bike after the incident.
· Spend time with her fixing the bike
· Encourage to use the scooter during recovery
· Over the summer Teagan wants to earn more money to be able to but the coolest bike. Having her earn the money ensures that she understands the value of a dollar and ensures that she is responsible for helping out and getting paid. I will also lower the amount if she does something with minimal effort as a consequence for not completing a task properly.
· Teagan is more interested in her appearance, at she received a compliment from a guy in her grade
· She seems obsessed with looking cool for the upcoming 7th grade.
Self esteem is a very important aspect of growing up, this allows for an individual to develop a positive or negative view of oneself and if a positive view is not obtained this may lead to problems later in life, such as depression, anxiety or physical harm to one self (Landry).
Moral development and moral reasoning
· She is a model citizen and is well liked by others. She seems to influence others by making suggestions. She has a best friend and a couple other close friends. I believe that the group activity experiences in the past have influenced her social development. I encourage her to participate in group clubs, and recreational activities.
· Cheating less often in games
· Lying about things that have happened at school
· Blaming messes on her sister
· Preconventional level of moral development, unable to think about moral issues. She occasionally confesses and I’m proud of her when she does.
· Teagan is a teacher’s pet and at times stays after school to her him/her. I encourage this behavious as the teacher has helped in boosting up Teagan’s self-confidence.
Being able to make the correct moral decisions is a part of childhood which can be categorized through the Kohlber's Sequence of Moral Reasoning on page 226 (Landry).
Friendship
· Party with go carts, video games, and prizes
· I let Teagan’s friends come over during the summer as long as she cleans up the areas of the house where they played over the course of the weekend.
· Teagan is scared about going into 6th grade and the hazing that she suspects comes with entering an older grade. I have to reassure her that these things will not happen but I am happy that she openly discusses this subject with me. When given the opportunity to enter the new school atmosphere she becomes excited as she is progressing to the next step in her life and is slightly nervous about being one of the newest children to the school.
Family life
· Separation between Teagan’s father and I.
· She is sometimes cranky and sad but is eager to please her father or I.
· At times she finds it difficult to focus on schoolwork and can space out or be distracted.
· My partner and I officially decide to separate and it results in a joint custody of the children.
· At times Teagan and Teija fight. I ensure that they are separated and can only return to playing together if the ensure that they will play calmly.
Single parent home
· Single parent home (the children and living with their mother).
· Teagan becomes shy and nervous and at times clings to her father or me.
· Teagan blames herself for the way things ended up. As a result I’ve brought Teagan to some of the therapy sessions to help her deal with anxieties and fears. She also at times has some problems with friends at school but it dos not seem to affect her cooperativeness as a student.
Self esteem
· She has a bike accident and received some stitched
· Didn’t want to get back on the bike after the incident.
· Spend time with her fixing the bike
· Encourage to use the scooter during recovery
· Over the summer Teagan wants to earn more money to be able to but the coolest bike. Having her earn the money ensures that she understands the value of a dollar and ensures that she is responsible for helping out and getting paid. I will also lower the amount if she does something with minimal effort as a consequence for not completing a task properly.
· Teagan is more interested in her appearance, at she received a compliment from a guy in her grade
· She seems obsessed with looking cool for the upcoming 7th grade.
Self esteem is a very important aspect of growing up, this allows for an individual to develop a positive or negative view of oneself and if a positive view is not obtained this may lead to problems later in life, such as depression, anxiety or physical harm to one self (Landry).
Moral development and moral reasoning
· She is a model citizen and is well liked by others. She seems to influence others by making suggestions. She has a best friend and a couple other close friends. I believe that the group activity experiences in the past have influenced her social development. I encourage her to participate in group clubs, and recreational activities.
· Cheating less often in games
· Lying about things that have happened at school
· Blaming messes on her sister
· Preconventional level of moral development, unable to think about moral issues. She occasionally confesses and I’m proud of her when she does.
· Teagan is a teacher’s pet and at times stays after school to her him/her. I encourage this behavious as the teacher has helped in boosting up Teagan’s self-confidence.
Being able to make the correct moral decisions is a part of childhood which can be categorized through the Kohlber's Sequence of Moral Reasoning on page 226 (Landry).
Friendship
· Party with go carts, video games, and prizes
· I let Teagan’s friends come over during the summer as long as she cleans up the areas of the house where they played over the course of the weekend.
· Teagan is scared about going into 6th grade and the hazing that she suspects comes with entering an older grade. I have to reassure her that these things will not happen but I am happy that she openly discusses this subject with me. When given the opportunity to enter the new school atmosphere she becomes excited as she is progressing to the next step in her life and is slightly nervous about being one of the newest children to the school.
Family life
· Separation between Teagan’s father and I.
· She is sometimes cranky and sad but is eager to please her father or I.
· At times she finds it difficult to focus on schoolwork and can space out or be distracted.
· My partner and I officially decide to separate and it results in a joint custody of the children.
· At times Teagan and Teija fight. I ensure that they are separated and can only return to playing together if the ensure that they will play calmly.
Single parent home
· Single parent home (the children and living with their mother).
· Teagan becomes shy and nervous and at times clings to her father or me.
· Teagan blames herself for the way things ended up. As a result I’ve brought Teagan to some of the therapy sessions to help her deal with anxieties and fears. She also at times has some problems with friends at school but it dos not seem to affect her cooperativeness as a student.
Physical Development
http://attachmentie.blogspot.ca/2012/08/how-childs-attachment-changes-from.html
Height and weight
On average children grow 7cm a year in elementary school (Landry). This is considered a significant amount as many boys and girls of middle childhood average around the same height. It is at this time that many individuals start puberty before one another and there is a large gap in height dependent on those who have just entered puberty as to those who have not yet hit puberty. The brain also grows to about the mass of the average adult brain (Mathews).
Accuracy of movements
· At the school assembly Teagan comes home and wants to take part in the instrumental music program at the school. At the instrument store we choose the flute for her to play.
Although this is a cognitive development aspect (reading the music) being able to properly move fingers to create the sound brings together both cognitive and physical skills. Earlier, in early childhood children are unable to have full conscience control to accurately produce some of the more difficult or fine tuned (oh the irony) movement.
Gross and Fine motor skills
· She has enjoyed swimming and diving for the past 2 years and has become a strong swimmer. Wanted to focus on swimming and taking lessons at the Y at the highest level for her age.
· Teagan is advanced in swimming and her coach recommends joining a travel team as a way to advance faster. This means that it’s a year round sport and she wouldn’t have the ability to participate in any other sports. I don’t want to burn her out or dislike swimming at such a young age. Teagan has many friends and enjoys the regular in community league. I continue to encourage her to participate in different sports that she may be interested in.
In middle childhood gross motor skills such as running and jumping become more defined and flexibility, balance, agility and force are improved (Mathews). This allows for children to be more accurate with racing, and other sports that require more strength and speed. Swimming and diving are sports in which both of these aspects are required and used regularly.
Health
· She is healthier and more resistant to colds this year, because of her healthier life style.
· Occasional problem with swimmers ear (which is normal for those who swim regularly).
Visual, auditory and speech
· She is able to concentrate on tasks for a longer amount of time and I want to encourage her to develop her own time management skills for doing chores and homework. This also encourages her to set priorities for herself and determine what is most important.
It is proven by this point that Teagan has no sensory difficulties with visual auditory or speech. By the previous years and months it is shown that Teagan does not have any vision problem, auditory problems or any type of speech impairment or impediment which should be noted. She does not need any additional help in this area.
Most subtitle are taken from Discovering the Lifespan (Landry)
On average children grow 7cm a year in elementary school (Landry). This is considered a significant amount as many boys and girls of middle childhood average around the same height. It is at this time that many individuals start puberty before one another and there is a large gap in height dependent on those who have just entered puberty as to those who have not yet hit puberty. The brain also grows to about the mass of the average adult brain (Mathews).
Accuracy of movements
· At the school assembly Teagan comes home and wants to take part in the instrumental music program at the school. At the instrument store we choose the flute for her to play.
Although this is a cognitive development aspect (reading the music) being able to properly move fingers to create the sound brings together both cognitive and physical skills. Earlier, in early childhood children are unable to have full conscience control to accurately produce some of the more difficult or fine tuned (oh the irony) movement.
Gross and Fine motor skills
· She has enjoyed swimming and diving for the past 2 years and has become a strong swimmer. Wanted to focus on swimming and taking lessons at the Y at the highest level for her age.
· Teagan is advanced in swimming and her coach recommends joining a travel team as a way to advance faster. This means that it’s a year round sport and she wouldn’t have the ability to participate in any other sports. I don’t want to burn her out or dislike swimming at such a young age. Teagan has many friends and enjoys the regular in community league. I continue to encourage her to participate in different sports that she may be interested in.
In middle childhood gross motor skills such as running and jumping become more defined and flexibility, balance, agility and force are improved (Mathews). This allows for children to be more accurate with racing, and other sports that require more strength and speed. Swimming and diving are sports in which both of these aspects are required and used regularly.
Health
· She is healthier and more resistant to colds this year, because of her healthier life style.
· Occasional problem with swimmers ear (which is normal for those who swim regularly).
Visual, auditory and speech
· She is able to concentrate on tasks for a longer amount of time and I want to encourage her to develop her own time management skills for doing chores and homework. This also encourages her to set priorities for herself and determine what is most important.
It is proven by this point that Teagan has no sensory difficulties with visual auditory or speech. By the previous years and months it is shown that Teagan does not have any vision problem, auditory problems or any type of speech impairment or impediment which should be noted. She does not need any additional help in this area.
Most subtitle are taken from Discovering the Lifespan (Landry)
Developmental Milestones
Some the the biggest milestones in Teagan's life from this period include the complete separation of her parents, the opportunity to participate in gifted classes and the building of relationship of friends. Language and moral development are also important aspects of this age range.
The separation of her parents means that she is living in a single parent home, at the time in life some children still do not understand the process but it is stated that Teagan is able to comprehend the situation and is also minimally involved as she joins her mother to therapy sessions to discuss her thoughts and feelings.
Being defined as gifted is a step ahead of the other children. This allows Teagan to greatly improve her current skills to result in more intelligent and at times quicker way to understanding a subject. This may result in a more advanced career choice much later in life if she is able to maintain this method of learning and interest on the subjects.
Friends play a big role in middle childhood. Children are able to identify and chose friends based off of qualities that they have as opposed to superficial or similar objects in which they both enjoy or own. Having this ability can result in lifelong friendships to develop.
Language is constantly improving throughout this stage of development and into adolescence. Being able to understand words along with the definitions that go along with them allow for children to expand their vocabulary and reading and writing skills which are very important to improve in middle childhood as it leads to having the ability to understand more and more as they grow older.
Lastly moral development allows children to know what is right and wrong and the reasons behind each which may include consequences of having something on ones conscience, receiving a reward for doing the right things or knowing what is socially acceptable to do in a given situation.
The separation of her parents means that she is living in a single parent home, at the time in life some children still do not understand the process but it is stated that Teagan is able to comprehend the situation and is also minimally involved as she joins her mother to therapy sessions to discuss her thoughts and feelings.
Being defined as gifted is a step ahead of the other children. This allows Teagan to greatly improve her current skills to result in more intelligent and at times quicker way to understanding a subject. This may result in a more advanced career choice much later in life if she is able to maintain this method of learning and interest on the subjects.
Friends play a big role in middle childhood. Children are able to identify and chose friends based off of qualities that they have as opposed to superficial or similar objects in which they both enjoy or own. Having this ability can result in lifelong friendships to develop.
Language is constantly improving throughout this stage of development and into adolescence. Being able to understand words along with the definitions that go along with them allow for children to expand their vocabulary and reading and writing skills which are very important to improve in middle childhood as it leads to having the ability to understand more and more as they grow older.
Lastly moral development allows children to know what is right and wrong and the reasons behind each which may include consequences of having something on ones conscience, receiving a reward for doing the right things or knowing what is socially acceptable to do in a given situation.
References
Landry, R. F. (2012). Discovering the Lifespan. New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education Inc.
Language Development in Middle Childhood. (n.d.). Education.com. Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/language-development-middle-childhood/
Mathews, S. (n.d.). Chapter 10: Physical Development in Middle Childhood. [PowerPoint Slides]. Retrieved from http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDEQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fuwf.edu%2Fsmathews%2Fdocuments%2Fphysicaldevelopmentinmiddlechildhood.ppt&ei=uNijUsZfirKtAe7CgOAF&usg=AFQjCNHBCW6nqzLJKckhwT8dBpOZAFOZpg&bvm=bv.57752919,d.aWM
Language Development in Middle Childhood. (n.d.). Education.com. Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/language-development-middle-childhood/
Mathews, S. (n.d.). Chapter 10: Physical Development in Middle Childhood. [PowerPoint Slides]. Retrieved from http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDEQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fuwf.edu%2Fsmathews%2Fdocuments%2Fphysicaldevelopmentinmiddlechildhood.ppt&ei=uNijUsZfirKtAe7CgOAF&usg=AFQjCNHBCW6nqzLJKckhwT8dBpOZAFOZpg&bvm=bv.57752919,d.aWM